Railways in Adelaide

The rail network in Adelaide, South Australia, consists of six lines and 89 stations, totalling 125.9 km. It is operated by Adelaide Metro, and is part of the citywide Adelaide Metro public transport system.

All lines around Adelaide were originally broad gauge. The main interstate lines out of Adelaide towards Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin have been progressively converted to standard gauge, but the suburban system and a few freight-only branch lines to the north remain broad gauge.

Operators


Rail services around Adelaide are provided by a mixture of private and government-owned organisations.

The Department of Planning, Transport & Infrastructure (DPTI) owns and operates the suburban passenger rail network. This comprises six lines from Adelaide railway station on North Terrace in the CBD. The DPTI also owns and operates the Glenelg tram. Adelaide's Tram Network is the only fully Government owned and operated tram network in Australia.

The Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC), an agency of the Federal Government, owns standard gauge interstate lines heading north and south, together with the dual gauge freight-only branch from Dry Creek to Port Adelaide and Pelican Point. The ARTC lines bypass the city to the west and do not enter the CBD. The ARTC network extends from Adelaide towards Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Darwin and is used by substantial interstate freight traffic.

Freight trains are operated by a number of private operators, which have access agreements with rail network owners such as the ARTC. The largest of these is Pacific National, which handles the majority of interstate traffic and has the largest locomotive fleet. Other logistics companies also operate freight trains to and from interstate destinations and within South Australia.

Genesee & Wyoming Australia (GWA) owns the remaining broad-gauge lines beyond the Adelaide suburban network. These are a handful of lines used mainly to move bulk grain and stone from the Barossa Valley and mid-north region of the state to the Port Adelaide area. GWA also operates an isolated narrow-gauge line from Port Lincoln into Eyre Peninsula.

Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions is a private company operating long-distance passenger trains on ARTCs standard gauge lines, and run from the Adelaide Parklands Terminal (formerly Keswick Rail Terminal), not from the main city station - Keswick is an industrial suburb just west of the CBD. GSR’s trains are the Indian Pacific to Sydney and Perth, The Ghan to Alice Springs and Darwin and The Overland to Melbourne. The former two operate weekly, the latter twice per week. There have been no intrastate regional passenger services in South Australia since 1990.

There are presently two heritage railways in South Australia run by volunteers, but none of these are in the Adelaide area. The SteamRanger Heritage Railway is based at Mount Barker and runs services through to Victor Harbor. The Pichi Richi Railway is considerably more distant from Adelaide, based at Quorn, and runs services through to Port Augusta.

Early days
In 1856, the first steam train ran between Adelaide and Port Adelaide, stopping at Bowden, Woodville and Alberton. Soon after, a 40 km line was built from the Town of Gawler to Adelaide to cater for the agricultural and mining industries.

The South Line, through the Adelaide Hills, opened to Aldgate, then Nairne in 1883, and extended to Bordertown in 1886. The first through train between Adelaide and Melbourne – The Intercolonial Express – ran on 19 January 1887, and was the first intercapital rail journey in Australia without changing trains at a break-of-gauge station.

Most of the lines around Adelaide were built before 1900.

The Webb Era
Despite the earlier geographic expansion, by 1920 the infrastructure and rolling stock of South Australian Railways (SAR) had become run down, inadequate and outdated. Many of the operating practices, such as train control and signalling, were backward by the standards of the time.

However the 1920s saw substantial and expensive improvements in most facets of the SAR’s operations under the leadership of Railways Commissioner William Webb. Webb was an American who had substantial operational experience with US railroads, and served as Commissioner between 1922 and 1930.

During his reign, track, bridges, railway workshops, rolling stock and especially steam locomotives were all modernised and upgraded along essentially American lines. Adelaide station was rebuilt with a handsome sandstone building as a showpiece of the city on North Terrace. The building still stands; the lower level remains as the railway station, but the upper levels have been converted into a casino.

In 1929, one of the original broad-gauge steam railways to the beach-side suburb of Glenelg was transferred to the Adelaide Municipal Tramways Trust, electrified and converted to a tramway. The Glenelg tram line is still in operation.

SAR, STA and AN
From early colonial days up until 1978 the SAR had built and operated most of the railway system within the state.

The Commonwealth Railways (CR), owned by the Federal Government, also had a significant role in the northern part of SA, with lines from Port Augusta across the Nullarbor Plain to Kalgoorlie, and to Marree and Alice Springs. None of its lines came close to Adelaide.

During the early 1970s the Whitlam Federal Government proposed a strategy to nationalise and standardise the various state rail systems around Australia. South Australia and Tasmania were the only states to participate in this initiative and negotiations were long and drawn out. The result was that in March 1978 the SAR became defunct and South Australia’s railways were split between Commonwealth and State Government ownership.

A new Commonwealth Government organisation, Australian National Railways Commission (ANR), took over all the former SAR and CR track in South Australia outside the metropolitan area. Other rail facilities such as property and workshops were also transferred to ANR. ANR become Australian National (AN) as it refined its corporate identity.

The State Government retained ownership and control of tracks and trains in the Adelaide suburban area under the auspices of the State Transport Authority (STA). The STA had been created in 1974 to co-ordinate all public transport in South Australia.

In 1994 the STA was abolished and reformed as the government-owned corporate body TransAdelaide as a prelude to competitive tendering for operation of bus and rail services in metropolitan Adelaide. TransAdelaide subsequently lost all its bus services to private operators, but has retained the contracts to operate train and tram services.

In November 1997, AN was broken up and sold as part of a Federal Government privatisation agenda. Track, workshops, depots and passenger and freight operations were sold to various private organisations, which has led to today’s operational structure described in an earlier section.

Future projects
Infrastructure SA intends to complete electrification of the Gawler line, and analyse feasibility of an underground rail link in the CBD between the northern and southern train lines.

Main passenger lines
Adelaide has six broad gauge railway lines that provide passenger services for the suburban network:

(21.5 km):
 * Adelaide to Bridgewater built in 1883 – 37.66 km
 * Belair to Bridgewater closed 1987
 * Adelaide to Melbourne via Belair and Bridgewater was converted to standard gauge in 1995, leaving one broad-gauge track from Goodwood to Belair

(42.2 km):
 * Adelaide to Gawler built in 1857
 * Gawler to Gawler Central built in 1911

(5.5 km):
 * Woodville to Grange built in 1882 – 13 km
 * Grange to Henley Beach built in 1894, closed and dismantled 1957

(21.9 km):
 * Adelaide to Port Dock built in 1856 – 11.7 km
 * Port Adelaide to Outer Harbor built in 1908 – 10.2 km

(36.0 km):
 * Goodwood to Marino built in 1913 – 18.3 km
 * Marino to Hallett Cove built in 1915 – 3.1 km
 * Lonsdale to Christie Downs built in 1976 – 2.2 km
 * Christie Downs to Noarlunga Centre built in 1978 – 1.3 km
 * Noarlunga Centre to Seaford opened in February 2014 – 5.8 km

(3.9 km):
 * Woodlands Park to Tonsley built in 1966 – 3.9 km
 * Tonsley to Flinders under construction, to open in 2020 – 650 m

Closed lines


Adelaide's passenger rail network has decreased in size since the 1950s, with the closure of several lines and branches, including:


 * Dry Creek–Port Adelaide line: built in 1868 (last passenger service in 1988)
 * Finsbury line: Woodville to Finsbury Stores built in 1940 (closed in 1978)
 * Northfield line: Adelaide to Northfield built in 1857 (closed in 1987)
 * Penfield line: Salisbury to Penfield 3 built in 1941 (closed and dismantled in 1991)
 * Semaphore line: Port Adelaide to Semaphore built in 1878 (closed and dismantled in 1978)
 * Willunga line: Hallett Cove to Willunga built in 1915 (closed in 1969; now the Coast to Vines Rail Trail)

Current rolling stock

 * 30 3000 class railcars built by Commonwealth Engineering and Clyde Engineering, 1988-1996
 * 40 3100 class railcars built by Commonwealth Engineering and Clyde Engineering, 1988-1996
 * 22 A-City Class 4000 Electric Multiple Units built by Bombardier Transportation

Adelaide Railway

 * List of Adelaide railway stations
 * List of closed Adelaide railway stations
 * List of public transport routes in Adelaide
 * Redhen railcar
 * 2000 class railcar
 * Glenelg Tram
 * 3000 class railcar

Adelaide

 * Transport in Adelaide
 * Adelaide Metro
 * Trams in Adelaide

South Australia

 * Rail transport in South Australia
 * Transport in South Australia

Australia

 * Rail transport in Australia
 * Transport in Australia

Worldwide

 * List of suburban and commuter rail systems